Summary of Biological Psychology: Systems and Behavior
Biological Psychology: Systems and Behavior for Students
Introduction
The brain is the center of our behavior, thought, and perception. This material focuses on older brain structures, the limbic system, and the functional division of the hemispheres. The goal is to explain the basic parts, their functions, and provide examples and applications to aid in memorization.
Basic Overview of Neuroimaging Methods
Neuroscientists use various methods to observe the structure and function of the brain. Below, we'll compare them concisely.
Definition: Neuroimaging refers to techniques for visualizing the structure or function of the brain.
| Method | What it shows | Uses | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEG (electroencephalogram) | Electrical activity on the brain's surface | Epilepsy diagnosis, sleep studies | High temporal, low spatial resolution |
| CT (CAT) | Structural slices using X-rays | Rapid imaging of bleeding or fractures | Fast, but lower soft tissue resolution |
| MRI | Soft tissue structure | Detailed brain anatomy | High spatial resolution |
| PET | Metabolic activity (radioactive glucose) | Studying function during tasks | Shows 'where' energy is consumed |
| fMRI | Blood flow changes → activity | Functional areas during tasks | Combines structure and function |
| Diffusion spectrum imaging | Maps long fiber connections | Study of brain connectivity | Shows fiber 'pathways' |
Practical Example
- When a doctor wants to locate an epileptic focus, they will use EEG for seizure timing and MRI/PET for localizing structure and metabolic activity.
Older (Evolutionarily Ancient) Parts of the Brain
These regions are often responsible for automatic, vital functions.
The Brainstem
- The oldest and innermost part of the brain
- Controls basic life functions
Definition: The brainstem is the region connecting the brain to the spinal cord, ensuring basic survival.
Key Components:
- Medulla: controls heart rate and breathing. Damage can be fatal.
- Pons (cerebellum): coordinates movement and is involved in sleep; works with the cerebellum.
The Thalamus
- Sits above the brainstem, shaped like a pair of eggs
- Functions as a relay center for sensory information (except smell)
Definition: The thalamus relays sensory information to higher brain regions and also mediates some feedback signals.
Practical example: Visual or auditory information travels through the thalamus to the visual or auditory cortex.
The Reticular Formation
- Extends through the brainstem up to the thalamus
- Filters stimuli and determines arousal
Definition: The reticular formation is a network of neurons that regulates levels of consciousness and attention.
Practical application: A disorder in this region can cause coma or excessive sleepiness.
The Cerebellum
- Called the "little brain"; located at the back, beneath the brainstem
- Functions: coordination of movements, skill learning, time estimation, distinguishing sounds and textures
Definition: The cerebellum helps coordinate voluntary movements and maintain balance.
Example: Damage to the cerebellum leads to difficulties with walking and balance.
The Limbic System
The limbic system is located between older and newer brain regions and determines emotions and motivations.
Definition: The limbic system is a set of structures involved in emotion, memory, and motivation.
Key Parts:
- Amygdala: processing of fear and aggression; important for emotional learning
- Hypothalamus: regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other maintenance functions
- Hippocampus: storage of explicit (factual) memories
Brain Hemispheres and Their Specialization
The brain has two
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Brain: Older Structures
Klíčové pojmy: The brainstem controls vital functions (medulla and pons), The thalamus relays sensory information, except for smell, The reticular formation regulates alertness and filters stimuli, The cerebellum coordinates movement and learns motor skills, The limbic system includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus, The amygdala processes fear and aggression; the hippocampus stores explicit memories, The corpus callosum connects the hemispheres; severing it causes split-brain, The left hemisphere often processes speech, while the right handles spatial and emotional tasks, EEG, CT, MRI, PET, fMRI, and diffusion imaging have different advantages, Dual processing: conscious (high road) and unconscious (low road) pathways, Parallel processing handles well-learned tasks; sequential processing handles new tasks, Blindsight demonstrates that visual responses can occur without conscious awareness