Test on Vascular Anomalies: Classification, Diagnosis, and Management
Vascular Anomalies: Classification, Diagnosis, Management
Test: Vascular anomalies overview, Vascular anomalies: hemangiomas, Infantile hemangioma diagnosis & pathology, Infantile hemangioma management & treatment, Vascular tumors, Capillary malformation, Lymphatic malformation, Vascular Malformations Management, Venous malformation, Arteriovenous malformation, Vascular anomalies: malformations, PTEN-associated vascular anomaly
20 questions
Question 1: Molecular causes for venous malformations are known.
A. Yes
B. No
Explanation: The study materials state: "Molecular causes for VMs are known." and provide examples such as somatic mutation in the endothelial receptor TIE2.
Question 2: According to the provided study materials, which of the following are potential complications associated with sclerotherapy for lymphatic malformations (LM)?
A. Cutaneous ulceration
B. CNS depression
C. Iatrogenic injury to nerves
D. Thromboembolism
Explanation: The study materials state that the most common complication of sclerotherapy for LM is cutaneous ulceration. It also mentions that ethanol, an effective sclerosant, is associated with systemic toxicity including CNS depression and thromboembolism. Iatrogenic injury to nerves is a complication associated with resection, not sclerotherapy.
Question 3: Can extravasation of the sclerosant into muscle lead to increased muscle mass after sclerotherapy for venous malformation?
A. Yes
B. No
Explanation: Extravasation of the sclerosant into muscle can cause atrophy and contracture, not increased muscle mass.
Question 4: According to the study materials, which of the following are primary management strategies for patients with an extensive extremity vascular malformation (VM)?
A. Prescribing custom-fitted compression garments
B. Administering prophylactic daily aspirin for recurrent pain secondary to phlebothrombosis
C. Performing immediate surgical resection as the first-line treatment
D. Targeting specific symptomatic areas with sclerotherapy when the lesion is too extensive to treat at one time
Explanation: Patients with an extensive extremity VM are prescribed custom-fitted compression garments to reduce blood stagnation, minimize expansion, LIC, phlebolith formation, and pain. For recurrent pain secondary to phlebothrombosis, prophylactic daily aspirin is given. While sclerotherapy is first-line, for diffuse malformations that are too extensive to treat at one time, management involves targeting specific symptomatic areas. Resection is rarely primary treatment for VMs because the entire lesion is difficult to remove and the risk of recurrence is high; almost all VMs should have sclerotherapy prior to operative intervention.
Question 5: A Schobinger Stage IV arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is characterized by enlargement, pulsation, thrill, bruit, and tortuous veins.
A. Yes
B. No
Explanation: According to the Schobinger staging system, Stage IV AVM is characterized by cardiac failure, while enlargement, pulsation, thrill, bruit, and tortuous veins are clinical findings for Stage II (Expansion).