Flashcards on Vascular Anomalies: Classification, Diagnosis, and Management
Vascular Anomalies: Classification, Diagnosis, Management
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Venous malformation
51 cards
Card 1
Question: What are the common clinical complications associated with venous malformations (VM)?
Answer: Pain, swelling, psychosocial issues, mucosal bleeding (head/neck), progressive distortion causing airway or orbital compromise, leg-length discrepancy
Card 2
Question: How can a large VM involving the deep venous system present as a systemic risk?
Answer: It is at risk for thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
Card 3
Question: What complication can gastrointestinal venous malformations cause?
Answer: Bleeding and chronic anemia.
Card 4
Question: What is localized intravascular coagulopathy (LIC) in the context of VM and what causes it?
Answer: LIC is coagulation/stagnation of blood within a large VM leading to painful phlebothromboses; caused by blood stagnation within the malformation.
Card 5
Question: How are at least 90% of venous malformations diagnosed?
Answer: By history and physical examination; dependent positioning of the affected region usually confirms the diagnosis.
Card 6
Question: When is imaging required for VM and what modality is preferred for large or deep lesions?
Answer: Small superficial VMs need no further workup. Large or deeper lesions are evaluated by MRI to confirm diagnosis, define extent, and plan treatment.
Card 7
Question: What are typical MRI features of venous malformations?
Answer: VMs are hyperintense on T2-weighted sequences, enhance with contrast, often show phleboliths as signal voids, and are more likely to involve muscle co
Card 8
Question: What ultrasound findings are typical for localized venous malformations?
Answer: Compressible, anechoic–hypoechoic channels separated by more solid regions of variable echogenicity; phleboliths appear hyperechoic with acoustic shad
Card 9
Question: When is CT indicated in the evaluation of VM?
Answer: Occasionally indicated to assess osseous (bone) involvement of VM.
Card 10
Question: Is histological diagnosis usually necessary for VM?
Answer: No—histological diagnosis is rarely necessary but may be indicated to rule out malignancy or if imaging is equivocal.