Flashcards on Introduction to Developmental Psychology
Introduction to Developmental Psychology: Stages & Theories
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Childhood
25 cards
Card 1
Question: According to the text, what type of parenting leads to the best outcomes for preschool and early elementary school children?
Answer: Authoritative parenting (discipline based on reason) results in children who are more cooperative, socially comfortable, take leadership roles, and en
Card 2
Question: According to the text, what are the consequences of neglectful-uninvolved parenting?
Answer: Children fare the worst – parents are uninvolved and discipline erratically; troubled adolescents often come from such homes.
Card 3
Question: According to the text, what difference in children's moral development arises between parents who use power (punishments) versus those who rely on rea
Answer: Parents who rely on power tend to raise more self-centered children who resolve moral dilemmas to avoid punishment; parents who rely on reason lead to
Card 4
Question: According to the text, why are children's peer relationships important? List three main reasons.
Answer: 1) A child must earn group membership (and can be excluded). 2) They provide interaction with comparable peers, not powerful adults or younger sibling
Card 5
Question: According to the text, what are the consequences of a child being rejected by peers or lacking friends?
Answer: Children who are rejected have a higher likelihood of school dropout, emotional problems, and juvenile delinquency; they are often unhappy and lonely.
Card 6
Question: According to the text, how does friendship change during childhood? List three main changes.
Answer: 1) It transforms from a purely behavioral relationship into an emotional one. 2) It changes from an egocentric relationship into a reciprocal one. 3)
Card 7
Question: What role does cognitive development play in the transformation of children's understanding of friendship?
Answer: As children better understand what other people are like, their concept of friendship develops into greater depth and complexity.
Card 8
Question: According to the text, what is gender identity and what is a gender role?
Answer: Gender identity: an unchanging sense of being male or female. Gender role: attitudes and behavior patterns that society considers acceptable for a giv
Card 9
Question: According to the text, how do sex differences in behavior develop during childhood, and what causes them?
Answer: Sex differences in behavior appear very early and increase during childhood. The cause is a combination of biological differences (setting the stage)
Card 10
Question: According to the text, when do gender role lessons begin, and how do parents perceive newborns?
Answer: Lessons begin with parents' perception of newborns: parents of newborns rate daughters as softer, more vulnerable, and less alert than sons, even thou