Summary of Legal English, Ethics, and Argumentation Skills
Legal English, Ethics, & Argumentation Skills Guide for Students
Introduction
Moral dilemmas are situations in which an individual must choose between two or more ethically conflicting actions, meaning any decision requires sacrificing some important moral value. In this material, we will focus on one of the most well-known examples: the trolley problem. We will use this case to explore key concepts, arguments, and practical applications.
Definition: A moral dilemma is a situation where two or more relevant ethical principles lead to incompatible actions, making it impossible to fully satisfy all involved principles.
Key Concepts Explained
1. Utilitarianism vs. Deontology
- Utilitarianism: focuses on actions that maximize collective well-being — "the greatest good for the greatest number."
Definition: Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their aggregate outcomes in terms of happiness or well-being.
- Deontology: adheres to moral rules or duties regardless of consequences.
Definition: Deontology posits that certain actions are morally obligatory or forbidden in principle, even if their consequences might be positive or negative.
Comparison Table: Utilitarianism vs. Deontology
| Aspect | Utilitarianism | Deontology |
|---|---|---|
| Moral Criterion | Maximizing Consequences | Adherence to Duties/Rules |
| Trolley Problem Example | Sacrifice 1 to save 5 | Do not intentionally kill an innocent person |
| Advantage | Promotes Aggregate Well-being | Protects Individual Rights |
| Criticism | Can justify individual sacrifices | Can lead to socially irrational outcomes |
2. Moral Intuitions and Social Evolution
- Moral intuitions may have evolved to favor cooperation and social trust.
- Aversion to direct harm (physical contact) may explain why people judge two versions of the trolley problem differently.
Definition: A moral intuition is a quick, automatic response that guides ethical judgments without extensive deliberate reasoning.
3. The Trolley Problem: Two Versions
- Version 1 (Switch): You can flip a switch and divert the trolley, killing one person on another track but saving five.
- Version 2 (Footbridge): You must push a very large person off a footbridge to stop the trolley and save five — this involves physical contact and using someone as a means.
Quick Comparison:
- Physical contact: Version 1 = no; Version 2 = yes
- Using person as a means: Version 1 = no; Version 2 = yes
- Typical response: Version 1 = greater utilitarian acceptance; Version 2 = greater deontological rejection
How to Analyze a Moral Dilemma (Practical Steps)
- Identify the relevant facts (who, what, when, how).
- Clearly outline the alternative courses of action.
- Determine the conflicting moral principles (e.g., maximizing lives vs. the prohibition against killing).
- Evaluate foreseeable consequences and their severity.
- Consider individual rights and treatment as a person (not merely as a means).
- Reflect on intuitions and potential biases.
- Make a justifiable decision and document the reasoning.
Applied Example: Adam's Case
Relevant Facts:
- A runaway trolley is heading towards five workers.
- Adam can pull a lever to divert the trolley onto another track with one worker. Alternatives:
- Do nothing: 5 deaths.
- Pull the lever: 1 death. Conflicting Principles:
- Utilitarianism: Saving five lives is preferable.
- Deontology: Not deliberately causing the death of an innocent person.
Guiding Questions for Decision-Making
- Is the agent legally or morally obligated to intervene?
- Is there a difference between causing a death by omission and by action?
- Do intention and means matter morally (e.g., using someone merely as a means)?
Real-world Applicati
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Moral Dilemmas
Klíčové pojmy: The Difference Between Utilitarianism and Deontology, How Moral Intuitions Influence Judgments Based on Physical Contact, The Structure of the Trolley Problem: Switch vs. Footbridge, Steps for Analyzing a Moral Dilemma (Identifying Facts, Alternatives, and Principles), The Moral Distinction Between Using Someone as a Means and Not Doing So, Current Applications: Autonomous Vehicles and Drones, Practical Strategies for Memorizing Vocabulary (Associations, Flashcards), Suggested Activities: Debates, Case Variations, Justificatory Writing, Key Vocabulary: Trolley, Switch, Footbridge, Deontology, Utilitarianism, The Importance of Justifying Decisions with Principles and Consequences