Flashcards on Introduction to Statistical Concepts and Methods
Introduction to Statistical Concepts and Methods Guide
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Graphs & frequency distributions
92 cards
Card 1
Question: What is raw data and why must it be organised for summarising datasets?
Answer: Raw data is a list of observations for each variable. It provides little information on its own, so it must be organised and summarised (e.g., into fr
Card 2
Question: Define a frequency distribution for qualitative data.
Answer: A frequency distribution is a table that lists each possible category of a qualitative variable and the number of times (frequency) each category occu
Card 3
Question: What is relative frequency and how is it calculated?
Answer: Relative frequency is the proportion or percentage of observations in a category. It is calculated as the category frequency divided by the total freq
Card 4
Question: When a table includes relative frequencies, what is it called?
Answer: A relative frequency distribution.
Card 5
Question: List the steps to construct a frequency distribution for qualitative data.
Answer: 1) Create a column with the categories. 2) List the number of times each category occurs (frequency column). 3) Sum the frequencies to check they equa
Card 6
Question: What is a cross-tabulation (two-way/contingency) table?
Answer: A summary table for two categorical variables where one variable is in rows and the other in columns; each cell shows the observed count for that comb
Card 7
Question: In a contingency table, what are observed cell counts, marginal totals and grand total?
Answer: Observed cell counts: number of occurrences for each row–column combination (joint information). Marginal totals: sums of observed counts for each row
Card 8
Question: Why use graphs in addition to frequency tables?
Answer: Graphs visually complement tables by showing the data’s general structure more clearly and revealing relationships that might be overlooked in a table
Card 9
Question: What factors determine the type of graph to use for displaying data?
Answer: The type of data (qualitative, discrete, continuous), the complexity of the data, and the requirements of the user.
Card 10
Question: Give an example of a scenario where you would construct a frequency distribution from raw observations.
Answer: A bio-kinetics instructor records the body part requiring rehabilitation for a sample of patients; you would list each body-part category and count ho