Summary of Introduction to Medical Terminology

## Introduction This study guide covers three common medical conditions that affect circulation and metabolism: **low blood pressure (hypotension)**, **intravenous (IV) access**, and **high blood glucose (hyperglycemia)**. Each topic is explained in simple terms, broken into manageable parts, and includes practical examples and comparisons to help you remember the main ideas. ### What to expect - Short explanations of each condition - Clear definitions in highlighted boxes - Practical examples and real-world applications - A comparison table to show differences and similarities - Key lists and a brief summary ## Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) > **Definition:** Abnormally lower than normal blood pressure. ### What it means Blood pressure measures the force of blood against artery walls. When this pressure is lower than the typical range for a person, it is called **hypotension**. Normal values depend on age and health, but a commonly used reference is systolic less than 90 mmHg or diastolic less than 60 mmHg. ### Causes - Dehydration (less fluid in the bloodstream) - Blood loss from injury or internal bleeding - Certain medications (e.g., some heart drugs) - Severe infection (sepsis) - Heart problems that reduce pumping ability ### Symptoms and signs - Dizziness or lightheadedness - Fainting (syncope) - Blurred vision - Fatigue - Rapid, shallow breathing ### Practical example If a person stands up quickly after lying down and feels dizzy, this may be due to a temporary drop in blood pressure called orthostatic hypotension. Simple measures like standing slowly and staying hydrated can help. Did you know that standing up quickly can cause a temporary drop in blood pressure because blood pools in the legs before the body adjusts? ### When to seek help - Repeated fainting episodes - Signs of shock (cold, clammy skin; very weak pulse) - After major injury or blood loss ## Intravenous Access (Inside a Vein) > **Definition:** Inside, within, or by means of a vein (commonly refers to placing a device or medication into a vein). ### What it means Intravenous (IV) access is a way to deliver fluids, medications, or nutrients directly into a vein. Health professionals insert a small catheter into a vein—often on the hand or arm—to provide rapid and controlled treatment. ### Uses and real-world applications - Rapid fluid replacement for dehydration or shock - Delivery of medications that must act quickly (e.g., antibiotics in severe infection) - Blood sampling for laboratory tests - Infusing nutrients when a person cannot eat ### Practical example In an emergency where a patient is dehydrated and dizzy, a clinician may start an IV to give fluids quickly and raise blood volume, which can improve blood pressure and symptoms. Fun fact: IV therapy was first developed in the 19th century and has since become a standard way to deliver lifesaving fluids and medications in hospitals worldwide. ### Basic safety points - Site should be clean to reduce infection risk - Secure the catheter to prevent dislodgement - Monitor for redness, swelling, or pain at the site (signs of infiltration or infection) ## High Blood Glucose (Hyperglycemia) > **Definition:** Abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood. ### What it means Glucose is the main sugar used for energy. When blood glucose is higher than normal, cells and organs can be damaged over time. Persistent high blood glucose is most commonly associated with diabetes. ### Causes - Insufficient insulin production (type 1 diabetes) - Insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes) - Stress, illness, or certain medications - Eating more carbohydrates than usual without adjusting medications ### Symptoms and signs - Increased thirst and urination - Fatigue - Blurred vision - Slow-healing wounds - In severe cases, nausea, vomiting, and confusion ### Practical example A person with diabetes who misses insulin doses after a high-carbohydrate meal may see a rapid rise in blood glucose and feel ve