Summary of Introduction to Computer Hardware

## Introduction Computers are made of physical parts that work together to perform tasks. This study guide explains the main hardware components inside and around a computer, how they interact, and where you find them in everyday devices such as desktops, laptops, smartphones, and single-board computers. > **Definition:** Hardware is the physical parts of a computer system that you can see and touch, such as the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and storage. ## ## System Unit and Main Components The system unit (also called the computer case) contains the key circuit boards and chips. Components inside the system unit work together to run programs, control devices, and process information. ### Motherboard - The **motherboard** is a large printed circuit board that connects and supports key components. It provides sockets, slots, power connectors, and ports. - Common items on or connected to the motherboard: - CPU socket - RAM slots - Connectors for internal storage - Expansion slots for optional cards (e.g., a GPU) - External ports for peripherals > **Definition:** The motherboard is the main circuit board that houses the CPU, RAM, and connectors for storage and peripherals. Practical example: When you plug a keyboard or USB drive into a port, the motherboard routes the connection to the rest of the computer. ### Central Processing Unit (CPU) - The **CPU** executes program instructions that are loaded into primary memory. It performs arithmetic, logic, control and input/output (I/O) operations. - CPU speed is measured in **Gigahertz (GHz)**: higher GHz generally means the CPU can execute more instruction cycles per second. - Physical description: usually a square chip with metal contacts that fit into a socket on the motherboard. > **Definition:** The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the component that processes instructions and data when running programs. Real-world application: A faster CPU helps when running many apps or software that require lots of calculations (e.g., video editing, games). ### Primary Storage (RAM and ROM) - Primary storage holds programs and instructions that the CPU needs right now. | Type | Purpose | Volatility | Typical location | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | RAM (Random Access Memory) | Temporarily stores programs and data while the CPU processes them | Volatile (loses data when power is off) | RAM slots on the motherboard | | ROM (Read-Only Memory) | Permanently stores start-up instructions (BIOS/firmware) | Non-volatile (keeps data without power) | Soldered or chip on the motherboard | > **Definition:** RAM is temporary memory used to hold running programs and data for quick access by the CPU. Key points about RAM: - Multiple RAM modules can be installed in different slots on the motherboard. - You must save your work before shutting down because RAM is volatile. > **Definition:** ROM stores permanent instructions that help start the computer, such as the BIOS. Did you know that ROM contains firmware like the BIOS which checks hardware when a computer starts up? Fun fact: Many modern motherboards use a small flash-based ROM so firmware can be updated without removing chips. ### Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) - The **GPU** accelerates rendering of images, video, and animations. Some systems have an integrated GPU (on the CPU) while others use a separate dedicated graphics card. - Useful for gaming, video editing, 3D modelling, and machine learning workloads. > **Definition:** A GPU is a processor specialized for handling graphics and parallel computations. ## Types of Computers and Small Systems This section explains common computer types and small single-board computers used for learning and projects. ### Desktop Computer - A non-portable computer designed to stay in one place; consists of a tower (system unit), monitor, keyboard, and mouse. - Advantages: usually more powerful, more upgradeable, better cooling, and more storage for the price compared to laptops. ### Laptop - A po