Summary of Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar
Essential English Vocabulary & Grammar for Students
Introduction
Common health problems occur in daily life, and it's useful to know how to identify them, describe them, and offer simple advice. This material covers basic vocabulary, phrases for explaining symptoms, and practical advice for dealing with minor ailments.
Definition: "Health problems" are temporary or persistent alterations in the normal functioning of the body that cause pain, discomfort, or difficulty performing daily activities.
Essential Vocabulary
- I've got a... = Tengo un/una...
- Common phrases: I've got a cold, I've got a headache, I've got a broken leg, I've got sunburn.
Definition: A symptom is a subjective manifestation of illness described by the person (e.g., pain, fever). A sign is an objective observation that can be seen by another person (e.g., a visibly broken leg).
Vocabulary with translation (English — Spanish)
| English | Spanish |
|---|---|
| I've got a broken leg | Tengo la pierna rota |
| I've got a cold | Tengo un resfriado |
| I've got a cough | Tengo tos |
| I've got a headache | Tengo dolor de cabeza |
| I've got a sore throat | Tengo dolor de garganta |
| I've got a stomach ache | Me duele el estómago |
| I've got sunburn | Tengo quemaduras de sol |
| I've got a temperature | Tengo fiebre |
| I've got toothache | Me duele un diente |
| My back hurts | Me duele la espalda |
Useful Phrases and Structure
- To describe a problem: I've got a + [noun]. Example: "I've got a sore throat."
- To describe when something happened: I had... last week / two years ago. Example: "My dad broke his leg two years ago."
- To give advice: You should... / You must... / You need to... Example: "You should stay in bed."
Definition: Basic medical advice is a non-professional recommendation that helps relieve mild symptoms, for example: resting, drinking water, taking common painkillers.
Practical Examples and Short Dialogues
- Emma: "I've got a sore throat." — Friend: "You should rest and drink warm water." (Advice: Stay home and rest)
- Tom: "I've got sunburn on my back." — Mother: "Don't stay on the beach for too long and use sunscreen." (Advice: Avoid further sun exposure)
- Ali: "My back hurts." — Teacher: "Try gentle stretches and take a painkiller if needed." (Advice: Gentle stretches and rest)
How to Complete Common Sentences (Practice Examples)
- Please stop shouting! I've got a ... → "headache".
- She needs to stay in bed. I've got really bad ... → "a cold" or "a temperature".
- I need to see a dentist. I've got ... → "toothache".
- It hurts when I speak. Don't stay on the beach for too long. You'll get ... → "sunburn".
- I think I ate too much at lunch. I've got a ... → "stomach ache".
Table: Problem — Symptoms — First Steps
| Problem | Common Symptoms | First Steps (at home) |
|---|---|---|
| Common Cold | Congestion, sneezing, cough | Rest, fluids, pain reliever if in pain |
| Sore Throat | Pain when swallowing, hoarse voice | Saltwater gargle, warm liquids |
| Fever | High temperature, sweating, discomfort | Monitor temperature, rest, if >39°C, see a doctor |
| Sunburn | Redness, warm skin | Cool with water, moisturizer, avoid sun exposure |
| Back Pain | Stiffness, pain when moving | Rest, gentle stretches, local heat |
| Toothache | Localized pain, sensitivity | Rinse with salt water, see a dentist |
| Broken Leg | Severe pain, swelling, inability to bear weight | Immobilize, go to emergency room |
Action Tips (Clear Steps)
- Assess Severity: Can the person move? Is there severe bleeding or difficulty breathing? If so, go to the emergency room.
- Basic Home Treatment: Rest, fluids, over-the-counter pain relievers (according to age and local guidelines).
- When to See a Doctor: High fever, worsening pain, an injury that isn't improving, or persistent toothache.
- Prevention: Sun protection, good hand hygiene to prevent colds, visit the dentist regularly.
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Health Problems
Klíčové pojmy: Use "I've got a + noun" to explain symptoms, Identify key symptoms: headache, fever, cough, sore throat, First steps: rest, fluids, over-the-counter pain relievers, When to see a doctor: high fever, severe pain, or serious injury, Prevention: sunscreen and good hand hygiene, Describe when it happened: "two years ago", "last week", Give simple advice: "You should...", "Stay in bed", Use gargling and warm liquids for a sore throat, Rinse with salt water temporarily for a toothache, Immobilize and go to the emergency room if there's a fracture
## Introduction
Common health problems occur in daily life, and it's useful to know how to identify them, describe them, and offer simple advice. This material covers basic vocabulary, phrases for explaining symptoms, and practical advice for dealing with minor ailments.
> Definition: "Health problems" are temporary or persistent alterations in the normal functioning of the body that cause pain, discomfort, or difficulty performing daily activities.
## Essential Vocabulary
- **I've got a...** = Tengo un/una...
- Common phrases: **I've got a cold**, **I've got a headache**, **I've got a broken leg**, **I've got sunburn**.
> Definition: A **symptom** is a subjective manifestation of illness described by the person (e.g., pain, fever). A **sign** is an objective observation that can be seen by another person (e.g., a visibly broken leg).
### Vocabulary with translation (English — Spanish)
| English | Spanish |
|---|---|
| I've got a broken leg | Tengo la pierna rota |
| I've got a cold | Tengo un resfriado |
| I've got a cough | Tengo tos |
| I've got a headache | Tengo dolor de cabeza |
| I've got a sore throat | Tengo dolor de garganta |
| I've got a stomach ache | Me duele el estómago |
| I've got sunburn | Tengo quemaduras de sol |
| I've got a temperature | Tengo fiebre |
| I've got toothache | Me duele un diente |
| My back hurts | Me duele la espalda |
## Useful Phrases and Structure
- To describe a problem: **I've got a + [noun]**. Example: "I've got a sore throat."
- To describe when something happened: **I had... last week / two years ago**. Example: "My dad broke his leg two years ago."
- To give advice: **You should... / You must... / You need to...** Example: "You should stay in bed."
> Definition: **Basic medical advice** is a non-professional recommendation that helps relieve mild symptoms, for example: resting, drinking water, taking common painkillers.
## Practical Examples and Short Dialogues
1. Emma: "I've got a sore throat." — Friend: "You should rest and drink warm water." (Advice: Stay home and rest)
2. Tom: "I've got sunburn on my back." — Mother: "Don't stay on the beach for too long and use sunscreen." (Advice: Avoid further sun exposure)
3. Ali: "My back hurts." — Teacher: "Try gentle stretches and take a painkiller if needed." (Advice: Gentle stretches and rest)
## How to Complete Common Sentences (Practice Examples)
- Please stop shouting! I've got a ... → "headache".
- She needs to stay in bed. I've got really bad ... → "a cold" or "a temperature".
- I need to see a dentist. I've got ... → "toothache".
- It hurts when I speak. Don't stay on the beach for too long. You'll get ... → "sunburn".
- I think I ate too much at lunch. I've got a ... → "stomach ache".
## Table: Problem — Symptoms — First Steps
| Problem | Common Symptoms | First Steps (at home) |
|---|---:|---|
| Common Cold | Congestion, sneezing, cough | Rest, fluids, pain reliever if in pain |
| Sore Throat | Pain when swallowing, hoarse voice | Saltwater gargle, warm liquids |
| Fever | High temperature, sweating, discomfort | Monitor temperature, rest, if >39°C, see a doctor |
| Sunburn | Redness, warm skin | Cool with water, moisturizer, avoid sun exposure |
| Back Pain | Stiffness, pain when moving | Rest, gentle stretches, local heat |
| Toothache | Localized pain, sensitivity | Rinse with salt water, see a dentist |
| Broken Leg | Severe pain, swelling, inability to bear weight | Immobilize, go to emergency room |
## Action Tips (Clear Steps)
1. Assess Severity: Can the person move? Is there severe bleeding or difficulty breathing? If so, go to the emergency room.
2. Basic Home Treatment: Rest, fluids, over-the-counter pain relievers (according to age and local guidelines).
3. When to See a Doctor: High fever, worsening pain, an injury that isn't improving, or persistent toothache.
4. Prevention: Sun protection, good hand hygiene to prevent colds, visit the dentist regularly.
Fun fact: Did you know that repeated unprotected