Summary of Essential English Grammar and Vocabulary

Essential English Grammar and Vocabulary: Your Study Guide

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Introduction

This study guide covers core English grammar topics useful for self-study: personal pronouns, the verb "to be" in the simple present, forming and using the present continuous (progressive) tense, forming -ing verbs, and the indefinite articles A / AN. Each section breaks ideas into small steps, gives clear examples, and includes exercises you can practice alone.

Definition: Personal pronouns are words that replace nouns and refer to people or things (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they).

Personal Pronouns

Subject pronouns (use these as the subject of a sentence)

I — first person singular
You — second person singular/plural
He — third person singular (male)
She — third person singular (female)
It — third person singular (thing or animal)
We — first person plural
They — third person plural

Definition: Subject pronouns tell who performs the action in a sentence.

Examples:

I am tired.
You are early.
He is a teacher.
We are friends.

💡 Věděli jste?Fun fact: Pronouns help avoid repeating nouns, so your writing and speech sound more natural and less repetitive.

The Verb TO BE — Simple Present (affirmative, negative, questions, short answers)

Affirmative form (short and clear table)

Subject	Form of "to be"	Example
I	am	I am happy.
You	are	You are at school.
He	is	He is hungry.
She	is	She is a nurse.
It	is	It is big.
We	are	We are early.
They	are	They are students.

Definition: The verb "to be" describes identity, state, or condition in the present.

Negative forms

I am not (contraction "amn’t" is not used in standard English)
You aren’t / are not
He isn’t / is not
She isn’t / is not
It isn’t / is not
We aren’t / are not
They aren’t / are not

Examples:

I am not sad. — I’m not sad.
He isn’t thirsty.
They aren’t noisy.

Questions and short answers

Structure: Am / Is / Are + subject + ... ?

Are they happy? — Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
Is she rich? — Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.

Practice: Fill each blank with am / is / are

He ___ a teacher.
They ___ friends.
I ___ a nurse.
You ___ a student.
We ___ happy.
It ___ a tree.
She ___ a doctor.

💡 Věděli jste?Fun fact: Short answers in English commonly repeat the auxiliary verb (Yes, she is), which makes replies quicker and clearer.

Present Continuous (Present Progressive)

When to use

Actions happening right now (at this moment)
Temporary actions happening around now
Arranged future events (e.g., I am meeting her tomorrow)

Definition: The present continuous describes actions in progress: subject + am/is/are + verb-ing.

Forms and examples

Form	Example
Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing	I am playing. / She is running.
Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb-ing	I am not playing. / He isn’t driving.
Question: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb-ing?	Are you reading? / Is it barking?

Short examples: I’m writing an email. / They aren’t watching TV. / Are we ready?

Forming the -ing form (rules)

Rule 1: Most verbs — add -ing
- walk → walking, look → looking, live → living
- If verb ends in silent -e, drop the -e then add -ing: make → making
Rule 2: Verbs ending in -ie — change -ie to -y then add -ing
- die → dying, lie → lying
Rule 3: One-syllable verbs that end vowel + consonant — double final consonant then add -ing
- stop → stopping, hit → hitting
Rule 4: Verbs stressed on the second syllable ending in consonant — double final consonant then add -ing
- begin → beginning, permit → permitting

Definition: The -ing form (present participle) is the verb form used with continuous tenses.

Practice (translate into English / write present continuous):

Yo estoy estudiando para el examen. — I am studying for the exam.
Ella está leyendo un libro interesante. — She is reading an interesting book.
Nosotros estamos trabajando en un proye

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Basic English Grammar

Klíčová slova: English grammar, English introductions, Spanish, Internet vocabulary

Klíčové pojmy: Subject pronouns replace nouns as subjects, To be: forms — I am, you are, he/she/it is, we/they are, Negative to be: am not, aren’t, isn’t, Questions use Am/Is/Are + subject + ...?, Present continuous: am/is/are + verb-ing for actions in progress, Form -ing: drop -e, change -ie→-y, double consonant for vowel+consonant or stressed-final syllable, A vs AN depends on initial sound, not letter, Use short answers: Yes, I am / No, I’m not

## Introduction This study guide covers core English grammar topics useful for self-study: personal pronouns, the verb "to be" in the simple present, forming and using the present continuous (progressive) tense, forming -ing verbs, and the indefinite articles A / AN. Each section breaks ideas into small steps, gives clear examples, and includes exercises you can practice alone. > Definition: Personal pronouns are words that replace nouns and refer to people or things (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they). ## Personal Pronouns ### Subject pronouns (use these as the subject of a sentence) - I — first person singular - You — second person singular/plural - He — third person singular (male) - She — third person singular (female) - It — third person singular (thing or animal) - We — first person plural - They — third person plural > Definition: Subject pronouns tell who performs the action in a sentence. Examples: - I am tired. - You are early. - He is a teacher. - We are friends. Fun fact: Pronouns help avoid repeating nouns, so your writing and speech sound more natural and less repetitive. ## The Verb TO BE — Simple Present (affirmative, negative, questions, short answers) ### Affirmative form (short and clear table) | Subject | Form of "to be" | Example | | --- | ---: | --- | | I | am | I am happy. | | You | are | You are at school. | | He | is | He is hungry. | | She | is | She is a nurse. | | It | is | It is big. | | We | are | We are early. | | They | are | They are students. | > Definition: The verb "to be" describes identity, state, or condition in the present. ### Negative forms - I am not (contraction "amn’t" is not used in standard English) - You aren’t / are not - He isn’t / is not - She isn’t / is not - It isn’t / is not - We aren’t / are not - They aren’t / are not Examples: - I am not sad. — I’m not sad. - He isn’t thirsty. - They aren’t noisy. ### Questions and short answers Structure: Am / Is / Are + subject + ... ? - Are they happy? — Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. - Is she rich? — Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. Practice: Fill each blank with am / is / are 1) He ___ a teacher. 2) They ___ friends. 3) I ___ a nurse. 4) You ___ a student. 5) We ___ happy. 6) It ___ a tree. 7) She ___ a doctor. Fun fact: Short answers in English commonly repeat the auxiliary verb (Yes, she is), which makes replies quicker and clearer. ## Present Continuous (Present Progressive) ### When to use - Actions happening right now (at this moment) - Temporary actions happening around now - Arranged future events (e.g., I am meeting her tomorrow) > Definition: The present continuous describes actions in progress: subject + am/is/are + verb-ing. ### Forms and examples | Form | Example | | --- | --- | | Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing | I am playing. / She is running. | | Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb-ing | I am not playing. / He isn’t driving. | | Question: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb-ing? | Are you reading? / Is it barking? | Short examples: I’m writing an email. / They aren’t watching TV. / Are we ready? ### Forming the -ing form (rules) - Rule 1: Most verbs — add -ing - walk → walking, look → looking, live → living - If verb ends in silent -e, drop the -e then add -ing: make → making - Rule 2: Verbs ending in -ie — change -ie to -y then add -ing - die → dying, lie → lying - Rule 3: One-syllable verbs that end vowel + consonant — double final consonant then add -ing - stop → stopping, hit → hitting - Rule 4: Verbs stressed on the second syllable ending in consonant — double final consonant then add -ing - begin → beginning, permit → permitting > Definition: The -ing form (present participle) is the verb form used with continuous tenses. Practice (translate into English / write present continuous): 1. Yo estoy estudiando para el examen. — I am studying for the exam. 2. Ella está leyendo un libro interesante. — She is reading an interesting book. 3. Nosotros estamos trabajando en un proye