Summary of English Grammar, Vocabulary, and Usage

## Introducción El objetivo de este material es repasar aspectos clave del **presente perfecto** y del **pasado simple**, el uso de **for / since**, y terminar con prácticas sobre **sufijos adjetivales** (-able, -ful, -ic, -ive, -y). Encontrarás explicaciones claras, tablas comparativas, ejemplos prácticos y ejercicios para practicar. > Definición: El **presente perfecto** conecta el pasado con el presente; se forma con "have/has + participio" y se usa para acciones no terminadas o experiencias sin precisar cuándo ocurrieron. > Definición: El **pasado simple** expresa acciones que ocurrieron y terminaron en un momento concreto del pasado. ## 1. Presente perfecto vs pasado simple ### Formación básica - Presente perfecto: **have/has + participio** (ej.: I have lived, She has sold) - Pasado simple: **verbo en pasado** (ej.: I lived, She sold) ### Uso principal - Presente perfecto: acciones que empezaron en el pasado y continúan o acciones pasadas sin indicar cuándo. Ejemplos: - "I've been a minimalist for three years." (sigue siendo minimalist) - "I've never been to Spain." (experiencia sin fecha) - Pasado simple: acciones finalizadas en un momento concreto. Ejemplos: - "I sold my skates last year." (acción terminada) - "I met Jane two days ago." (momento específico) > Definición: Usamos **for** para periodos (for three years) y **since** para puntos concretos en el tiempo (since 2018 / since I was 12). ### Tabla comparativa | Presente perfecto | Pasado simple | | --- | --- | | Acciones no terminadas o sin fecha: "I've lived here for five years." | Acciones terminadas en un momento concreto: "I lived there in 2019." | | Usos comunes: for, since, ever, never, already, yet | Usos comunes: yesterday, last year, in 2010, ago | ### Ejemplos y transformaciones - I have had this watch since I was six. (presente perfecto + since) - He sold a lot of his clothes three years ago. (pasado simple + ago) - We've been to California twice. (presente perfecto para experiencias) - My parents took this photo last year. (pasado simple para acción terminada) Did you know que con el presente perfecto podemos preguntar sobre experiencias, y luego usar pasado simple para pedir detalles? Por ejemplo: "Have you ever eaten sushi?" — "Where did you eat it?" ## 2. Expresiones temporales: for / since y otras - for: indica duración (for two years, for a long time) - since: indica el punto inicial (since 2018, since Monday, since I was 13) - Palabras que suelen usar pasado simple: yesterday, last week, in 2010, three years ago, ago Tabla de ejemplos | Presente perfecto | Pasado simple | | --- | --- | | for a long time, since 2018, since I was 12, all my life, for two years | in 2023, last year, yesterday, three years ago, one year ago | Ejercicios de ejemplo (respuestas): - "He's sold/sold a lot of his clothes three years ago." → **sold** (pasado simple) - "I've had/have this watch since I was six." → **I've had** - "We've been/went to California twice." → **We've been** (experiencia, presente perfecto) - "My parents have taken/took this photo last year." → **took** (pasado simple: momento concreto) ## 3. How long + present perfect (for y since) - Pregunta tipo: "How long have you had your phone?" Respuesta: "I've had it for six months." o "I've had it since January." - Usa **How long** con present perfect para preguntar la duración de una acción que continúa. Ejemplos: - How long have you been collecting butterflies? — For three years. - How long have you lived in this town? — I've lived here for five years. Tabla práctica | Pregunta | Respuesta con for | Respuesta con since | | --- | --- | --- | | How long have you had those trainers? | I've had them for about a year. | — | | How long have you had your phone? | I've had it for six months. | I've had it since January. | Fun fact: ¿Sabías que en inglés el uso de "have been" puede indicar tanto experiencia como permanencia dependiendo del verbo que acompañe y del contexto temporal? ##