Flashcards on DNA, Meiosis, and Reproduction
DNA, Meiosis, and Reproduction: A Student's Guide to Genetics
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Genetics & Molecular Biology: Inheritance & Mendelian Genetics
209 cards
Card 1
Question: Who is regarded as the father of genetics and what organism did he study?
Answer: Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, is regarded as the father of genetics for his work on garden pea plants.
Card 2
Question: List the seven pea traits Mendel observed as inherited.
Answer: Seed shape, seed colour, pod shape, pod colour, flower colour, flower position (axial or terminal), and stem length.
Card 3
Question: What were the two height forms Mendel noticed in peas and how are they denoted genetically?
Answer: Tall (T) and short/dwarf (t); tall is denoted by the dominant allele T and short by recessive allele t.
Card 4
Question: What was the result when Mendel cross-pollinated a true-breeding tall pea with a true-breeding short pea (P generation → F1)?
Answer: All F1 offspring were tall and had the genotype Tt.
Card 5
Question: What happened when Mendel interbred the F1 peas to produce the F2 generation?
Answer: The F2 generation showed both tall and short peas in a phenotypic ratio of 3 tall : 1 short; genotypic ratio TT : Tt : tt = 1 : 2 : 1.
Card 6
Question: State Mendel’s First Law (Law of Segregation).
Answer: Each trait is controlled by two factors (alleles) on homologous chromosomes; during gamete formation the alleles segregate so each gamete contains one
Card 7
Question: State Mendel’s Second Law (Law of Dominance).
Answer: Some alleles are dominant and others recessive; when paired (heterozygous), the dominant allele determines the phenotype while the recessive is masked
Card 8
Question: State Mendel’s Third Law (Law of Independent Assortment).
Answer: Alleles of different genes assort independently into gametes due to random arrangement of chromosomes during meiosis, allowing different combinations
Card 9
Question: What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
Answer: Homozygous means the two alleles for a gene are identical; heterozygous means the two alleles are different.
Card 10
Question: How are alleles conventionally represented in genetic diagrams?
Answer: Dominant alleles are shown with capital letters and recessive alleles with lowercase letters; P denotes the parent generation.