History of Literary and Theatre Censorship

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The history of literary and theatre censorship is a long and complex narrative, marked by constant struggles between artistic freedom and societal control. From 18th-century government interference to landmark obscenity trials in the 20th century, censorship has significantly shaped what audiences could read and watch, influencing authors, publishers, and the public alike.

The Enduring Struggle: A History of Literary and Theatre Censorship

Censorship has taken many forms throughout history, evolving with political, social, and cultural shifts. Understanding these periods reveals how deeply intertwined literature, theatre, and the desire for control have always been.

Early Forms of Control: Walpole and the Press (18th Century)

In 18th-century England, the liberty of the press was a constant topic of debate. Robert Walpole, Britain's de facto prime minister, actively sought to obstruct opposition journalism, not just encouraging supportive press.

His methods included using the postal system to distribute government-friendly literature for free while obstructing anti-government newspapers. Correspondence of publishers and printers was also opened and checked.

The judicial system was another powerful tool, consistently used for political ends. The law of seditious libel led to general warrants, arbitrary arrests, confiscation of assets, and prolonged imprisonment, often forcing smaller newspapers to close.

Victorian Morality and the Obscene Publications Act of 1857

The Victorian Era saw a strong reaction against rapid societal changes like industrialization and urbanization. Victorian Puritanism opposed sex, women's emancipation, and individualism, fearing a decline in moral standards.

This led to a widespread fear of change and a criticism of any work threatening stability. The British Obscenity Publication Act of 1857 reflected this sentiment, leading to increased literary censorship.

Authors like Thomas Hardy faced immense pressure. His novels, which often explored liberal themes and challenged sexual norms, were frequently difficult to publish without significant alterations. For example, Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure presented roadblocks due to their content.

Hardy's Tess was rejected by Macmillan's for